Grammar Basics: Unit 68 – Countable & Uncountable Nouns, Part 1 (Solution)

Exercise.  Identify the following items, using the given nouns.  Use an appropriate phrase:  “It’s a ______.” or “It’s ______.”

Example:

==> It’s a cat.

==> It’s a cat.

==> It’s milk.

==> It’s milk.

 

1.  It’s money.

1. It’s money.

2.  It’s salt.

2. It’s salt.

3.  It’s bread.

3. It’s bread.

4.  It’s rice.

4. It’s rice.

5.  It’s a girl.

5. It’s a girl.

6.  It’s frost.

6. It’s frost.

7.  It’s a wheel.

7. It’s a wheel.

8.  It’s grass.

8. It’s grass.

9.  It’s a bench.

9. It’s a bench.

10.  It’s water.

10. It’s water.

11.  It’s an apple.

11. It’s an apple.

12.  It’s a pencil.

12. It’s a pencil.

 

Exercise.  Correct the following sentences by adding “a/an” if needed.  If no article is needed, write “OK.”

Example:

I found wallet. ==>  I found a wallet.
Buy milk at the store.  ==>  OK.

1.    We rented car on our vacation.  ==>  We rented a car on our vacation.
2.    I want to listen to music.  ==>  OK.
3.    Tom needs money.  ==>  OK.
4.    The dog hid under chair.  ==>  The dog hid under a chair.
5.    Vegetarians don’t eat meat.  ==>  OK.
6.    Do you like coffee?  ==>  OK.
7.    Could I borrow pen?  ==>  Could I borrow a pen?
8.    There was big scratch on the piano.  ==>  There was a big scratch on the piano.
9.    I need coin for the vending machine.  ==>  I need a coin for the vending machine.
10.    The teacher dropped piece of chalk.  ==>  The teacher dropped a piece of chalk.
11.    Jack took test in school today.  ==>  Jack took a test in school today.
12.    Do you have salt?  ==>  OK.
13.    I want cup of tea.  ==>  I want a cup of tea.
14.    We have grass in our back yard.  ==>  OK.
15.    Sally eats fish.  ==>  OK.
16.    The machine needs oil.  ==>  OK.

Exercise.  Describe the pictures, using the phrase “a ______ of ______” with a word from each box.

Example:

==> a glass of water

==> a glass of water

 

 

 

 

 

1.   a cup of coffee

1. a cup of coffee

2.  a slice of bread

2. a slice of bread

3.   a piece of pie

3. a piece of pie

4.  a bowl of soup

4. a bowl of soup

5.   a jar of honey

5. a jar of honey

6.  a glass of milk

6. a glass of milk

7.   a sack of peas

7. a sack of peas

8.   a bottle of wine

8. a bottle of wine

9.   a sheet of paper

9. a sheet of paper

10.  a bag of popcorn

10. a bag of popcorn

11.  an ear of corn

11. an ear of corn

12.   a piece of wood

12. a piece of wood

 

 

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Grammar Basics: Unit 68 – Countable & Uncountable Nouns, Part 1

All nouns are either countable or uncountable.

Countable nouns are nouns that are individual things.  They can be numbered one, two, three, etc.

Example:

One bird

One bird

Two chairs

Two chairs

Three cars

Three cars

Four trees

Four trees

etc.

Countable nouns can be singular or plural:

Singular:  a chair, the chair, my chair, his chair, etc.
Plural:  chairs, the chairs, my chairs, his chairs, some chairs, many chairs, etc.

Note:
The singular form can never be used alone – it always needs an article (a, an, the) or a possessive adjective (my, your, his, etc.).

Example:

We sat under a tree.  (not under tree)

Uncountable nouns are nouns that are not individual things.  They cannot be numbered one, two, three, etc.

Some uncountable nouns:

Water, milk, oil, etc. (any liquid)
Salt, sugar, flour, etc.
Money, music, bread, grass, work, rice, etc.

Uncountable nouns do not use “a/an.”  They do not use a plural form:

Bread, the bread, my bread, some bread, much bread, etc.

Example:

I’m going to eat some bread.  (not a bread)

We can use “a piece of ~,” “a glass of ~,” “a slice of ~,” etc.:

Would you like a piece of cake / a slice of cake?
I’m thirsty – could I please have a glass of water?
The recipe calls for a cup of milk.

Other examples:

a bottle of beer
a bowl of cereal
a piece of candy
a game of chess

Exercise.  Identify the following items, using the given nouns.  Use an appropriate phrase:  “It’s a ______.” or “It’s ______.”

Example:

 

 

==> It’s a cat.

==> It’s a cat.

==> It’s milk.

==> It’s milk.

 

apple bench bread frost
girl grass money pencil
rice salt water wheel

 

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

5.

6.

6.

7.

7.

8.

8.

9.

9.

10.

10.

11.

11.

12.

12.

 

Exercise.  Correct the following sentences by adding “a/an” if needed.  If no article is needed, write “OK.”

Example:

I found wallet. ==>  I found a wallet.
Buy milk at the store.  ==>  OK.

1.    We rented car on our vacation.
2.    I want to listen to music.
3.    Tom needs money.
4.    The dog hid under chair.
5.    Vegetarians don’t eat meat.
6.    Do you like coffee?
7.    Could I borrow pen?
8.    There was big scratch on the piano.
9.    I need coin for the vending machine.
10.    The teacher dropped piece of chalk.
11.    Jack took test in school today.
12.    Do you have salt?
13.    I want cup of tea.
14.    We have grass in our back yard.
15.    Sally eats fish.
16.    The machine needs oil.

Exercise.  Describe the pictures, using the phrase “a ______ of ______” with a word from each box.

Example:

==> a glass of water

==> a glass of water

 

 

 

 

 

bag bottle bowl cup
ear glass jar piece
piece sack sheet slice

 

bread coffee corn honey
milk paper peas pie
popcorn soup wine wood

 

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

3.

4.

4.

5.

5.

6.

6.

7.

7.

8.

8.

9.

9.

10.

10.

11.

11.

12.

12.

 

 

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Grammar Basics: Unit 67 – Singular and Plural (Solution)

Exercises.  Write the plural of the following words.

Example:

cat ==> cats

1.    cow ==> cows
2.    tomato ==> tomatoes
3.    wish ==> wishes
4.    child ==> children
5.    thief ==> thieves
6.    box ==> boxes
7.    kitty ==> kitties
8.    tooth ==> teeth
9.    church ==> churches
10.    dress ==> dresses
11.    bay ==> bays
12.    man ==> men
13.    apple ==> apples
14.    story ==> stories
15.    wife ==> wives

Exercises.  Use the pictures to complete the sentences.

Example:

There are a lot of ________ in the pasture.   ==>  There are a lot of sheep in the pasture.

There are a lot of ________ in the pasture. ==> There are a lot of sheep in the pasture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 1.  Do you like peaches?

1. Do you like peaches?

 

2.   I had two eggs for breakfast.

2. I had two eggs for breakfast.

 

3.  I have lost my keys somewhere.

3. I have lost my keys somewhere.

 

 

4.  How many children do you have?

4. How many children do you have?

 

 

Exercises.  Rewrite any sentences that have incorrect plural forms.  If no correction is needed, write “OK.”

Example:

Take these boxs and put them in the car. ==> Take these boxes and put them in the car.
All the benches in the park were freshly painted.  ==>  OK

1.    Jack washed the dishs after dinner. ==> Jack washed the dishes after dinner.
2.    The department store has a fine selection of watches. ==> OK
3.    I have to return these bookes to the library. ==>  I have to return these books to the library
4.    Whenever the sun is very bright, Father has to wear a sunglasses. ==> Whenever the sun is very bright, Father has to wear (some/a pair of) sunglasses.
5.    All children like to get toyes for Christmas. ==> All children like to get toys for Christmas.
6.    Your backpack is so heavy.  What do you have in there – rocks? ==> OK
7.    Grandfather had a flock of gooses on his farm. ==> Grandfather had a flock of geese on his farm.
8.    Have you seen “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”? ==> OK (can also be written “dwarves”)
9.    Mother bought me a new jeans. ==> Mother bought me (some/a pair of) new jeans.
10.    Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me. ==> OK
11.    Would you like tomatos in your salad? ==> Would you like tomatoes in your salad?
12.    I don’t care for peas. ==> OK
13.    We need new batteries for the radio. ==> OK
14.    Neon is one of the so-called “noble gasses.” ==> OK (can also be written “gases”)
15.    The horse had injured one of its hoofs.  ==> OK (can also be written “hooves”)

Exercises.  Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

Example:

The people (is/are) tired and hungry.  ==> The people are tired and hungry.

1.    The police are asking everyone to stay off the roads due to the bad snowstorm.
2.    Were there many people at the amusement park today?
3.    Have you seen my sunglasses?  I don’t know where I left them.
4.    People usually don’t realize the importance of checking the air pressure in car tires.
5.    Once a month the local clergy meet to have a prayer breakfast.
6.    My shorts have a hole in the pocket.
7.    Mother has some scissors in her sewing kit.
8.    Have the police caught the bank robber yet?
9.    The couple are having their first baby next month.
10.    Most people are confused by the new rules.

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Grammar Basics: Unit 67 – Singular and Plural

When we talk about the singular form of a noun, we are talking about only one thing.  When we talk about the plural form of a noun, we are talking about two or more things.

Pattern – plural forms have different spellings:

Usually, a plural form is spelled by adding –s to the end of the noun:

 

One kitten

One kitten

 

Two kittens

Two kittens

 

 

One kite

One kite

 

 

Two kites

Two kites

 

Nouns that end in –s, –sh, –ch, or –x form the plural by adding –es:

One bus

One bus

Three buses

Three buses

One dish

One dish

Four dishes

Four dishes

One watch

One watch

Three watches

Three watches

One fox

One fox

Two foxes

Two foxes

 

Nouns that end in –y (following a consonant) form the plural by changing the y to i and adding –es–ies:

 

One baby

One baby

 

Two babies

Two babies

 

Nouns that end in –y (following a vowel:  a, e, i, o, or u) do not change the –y to –ies.  They just add –s:

 

One boy

One boy

 

Three boys

Three boys

 

Nouns that end in –f or –fe change the –f to –ves:

 

One leaf

One leaf

 

Several leaves

Several leaves

 

One knife

One knife

 

Several knives

Several knives

 

And nouns that end in –o form the plural by adding –es:

 

One potato

One potato

 

Many potatoes

Many potatoes

 

There are also nouns which have irregular plural forms.

One child Many children
One man Many men
One ox Many oxen
One woman Many women
One louse Many lice
One mouse Many mice

 

One foot Many feet
One goose Many geese
One tooth Many teeth

Quite a number of irregular plural forms are a result of the influence of Latin on English:

One alumnus Many alumni
One cactus Many cacti
One focus Many foci (focuses)
One fungus Many fungi (funguses)
One nucleus Many nuclei
One radius Many radii
One stimulus Many stimuli
One appendix Many appendices
One index Many indices (indexes)
One matrix Many matrices (matrixes)

 

One antenna Many antennae (antennas)
One formula Many formulae (formulas)
One nebula Many nebulae
One vertebra Many vertebrae
One vita Many vitae

 

One bacterium Many bacteria
One curriculum Many curricula
One datum Many data
One medium Many media
One memorandum Many memoranda
One stratum Many strata
One criterion Many criteria
One phenomenon Many phenomena
One genus Many genera
One corpus Many corpora

Some irregular plural forms are a result of the influence of Greek on English:

One axis Many axes
One analysis Many analyses
One basis Many bases
One crisis Many crises
One diagnosis Many diagnoses
One ellipsis Many ellipses
One hypothesis Many hypotheses
One oasis Many oases
One paralysis Many paralyses
One parenthesis Many parentheses
One synthesis Many syntheses
One synopsis Many synopses
One thesis Many theses

Even French influence can be seen in a few irregular plural forms:

One beau Many beaux
One bureau Many bureaux (bureaus)
One tableau Many tableaux (tableaus)

Some nouns do not change at all.  Their plural form is the same as their singular form:

One deer Many deer
One fish Many fish
One means Many means
One offspring Many offspring
One series Many series
One sheep Many sheep

Certain words always have a plural construction and use a plural verb, even though they are a single thing:

scissors:  Careful – those scissors are sharp.
(eye/sun)glasses:  I don’t know where my sunglasses are.
pants:  Steve’s pants were wrinkled.
jeans:  These jeans were on sale.
shorts:  Have you seen my gym shorts?  I thought I put them in the dirty laundry.
pajamas:  Jesse’s pajamas are full of holes.

We often use the phrase “a pair of ~”:

Have you seem my good pair of scissors?
Jack needs to get a new pair of glasses.
There’s a clean pair of pants in the drawer.
That pair of jeans doesn’t fit Tom any more.
This pair of shorts has a hole in the pocket.
Don’t forget to pack a pair of pajamas.

Certain words have plural construction because they refer to a group of persons/animals (collective nouns):

clergy: The clergy are highly respected.
people:  People are so busy that they don’t have time to relax.
police:  You’ll have to take a different route home – the police have blocked Main Street.

Note:  When we use “couple” or “pair” to refer to people, we use plural construction:

couple:  The elderly couple have been married for over 70 years.
pair:  James and John go everywhere together.  The pair are never apart.

Note:  The collective noun “number” uses plural construction in the phrase “a number of ____,” and singular construction in the phrase “the number of ____”:
number:

A number of women are expecting babies this summer.

but

The number of students getting As in trigonometry is small.

In American English, some collective nouns are often treated as singular, whereas in British English they are treated as plural:

audience class committee
corporation crew crowd
enemy faculty family
flock government group
herd jury panel
staff team

 

Exercises.  Write the plural of the following words.

Example:

cat ==> cats

1.    cow
2.    tomato
3.    wish
4.    child
5.    thief
6.    box
7.    kitty
8.    tooth
9.    church
10.    dress
11.    bay
12.    man
13.    apple
14.    story
15.    wife

Exercises.  Use the pictures to complete the sentences.

Example:

There are a lot of ________ in the pasture.   ==>  There are a lot of sheep in the pasture.

There are a lot of ________ in the pasture. ==> There are a lot of sheep in the pasture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.  Do you like ________ ?

1. Do you like ________ ?

 

2.  I had  two ________ for breakfast.

2. I had two ________ for breakfast.

 

3.  I have lost my ________ somewhere.

3. I have lost my ________ somewhere.

 

 

4.  How many ________ do you have?

4. How many ________ do you have?

 

Exercises.  Rewrite any sentences that have incorrect plural forms.  If no correction is needed, write “OK.”

Example:

Take these boxs and put them in the car. ==> Take these boxes and put them in the car.
All the benches in the park were freshly painted.  ==>  OK

1.    Jack washed the dishs after dinner.
2.    The department store has a fine selection of watches.
3.    I have to return these bookes to the library.
4.    Whenever the sun is very bright, Father has to wear a sunglasses.
5.    All children like to get toyes for Christmas.
6.    Your backpack is so heavy.  What do you have in there – rocks?
7.    Grandfather had a flock of gooses on his farm.
8.    Have you seen “Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs”?
9.    Mother bought me a new jeans.
10.    Sticks and stones may break my bones, but names will never hurt me.
11.    Would you like tomatos in your salad?
12.    I don’t care for peas.
13.    We need new batteries for the radio.
14.    Neon is one of the so-called “noble gasses.”
15.    The horse had injured one of its hoofs.

Exercises.  Choose the correct word to complete the sentence.

Example:

The people (is/are) tired and hungry.  ==> The people are tired and hungry.

1.    The police (is/are) asking everyone to stay off the roads due to the bad snowstorm.
2.    (Was/Were) there many people at the amusement park today?
3.    Have you seen my sunglasses?  I don’t know where I left (it/them).
4.    People usually (doesn’t/don’t) realize the importance of checking the air pressure in car tires.
5.    Once a month the local clergy (meets/meet) to have a prayer breakfast.
6.    My shorts (has/have) a hole in the pocket.
7.    Mother has (a/some) scissors in her sewing kit.
8.    (Has/Have) the police caught the bank robber yet?
9.    The couple (is/are) having their first baby next month.
10.    Most people (is/are) confused by the new rules.

 

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Education Focus: Student Government

student governmentA student in middle school / junior high or high school may have the opportunity to participate in student government.  One way he may participate is by running for a specific position on the student council, such as representative or president of the student body.  These positions generally just play an advisory role – their votes do not carry any authority to make changes within the school.  But they do function as a sort of liaison between the students and the faculty.  Student government gives the administration the opportunity to hear the “voice” of the students.  It allows them to make their opinions known.

Admittedly, sometimes running for a position in student government is little more than a popularity contest.  Nonetheless, it gives all students a chance to participate in the democratic process, either as a candidate or in the act of voting.  Participation in student government also allows students to develop leadership skills, thus preparing them to be active, informed citizens of a democratic republic.

Although the student government has a decidedly limited role, there are some endeavors that it may undertake to leave its mark on the school.  For example, they may choose to set up or sponsor a class project, like a fundraiser for a worthy charity.  Alternatively, they could organize to bestow a class gift or legacy on the school.  This is particularly common with a senior class, who will be graduating and moving on to life beyond high school.  They could thus inspire future students to think about the world outside of their own class and consider how they may leave the school a better place than when they first entered its halls as freshmen.

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Crossword – TOEFL 12 (Solution)

toefl12-sol

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Crossword – TOEFL 12

toefl12
Across
1 Angry (5)
3 A long, heavy piece of metal or wood used in building houses, buildings, bridges, etc (4)
4 Responsibility (4)
7 Thickset (5)
8 Essential; unavoidable; obligatory (13)
11 Absolutely required (12)
15 Novice (4)
16 Complete opposite of someone or something (10)
17 Diverse (6)
18 To entice (4)
19 Complementary (10)
20 To impel or constrain to action (4)
22 Surrender (10)
23 Lacking in brightness (3)
24 To prod or urge as with a long, pointed stick (4)
26 To look forward to something (10)
30 To help someone do something wrong or illegal (4)
31 To cover, as if with dots (3)
32 To broaden (5)

Down
1 Difficult to fathom or understand; mysterious (11)
2 To pull up by the roots (9)
3 Favortism, prejudice towards a certain person or idea (4)
5 Give the letters of a word or name (5)
6 Exclusive right (11)
9 Unselective; not making or not based on careful distinctions (14)
10 Before the war; especially, before the American Civil War (10)
12 Enrapture (8)
13 Lie about someone (8)
14 Intriguingly unusual or different; excitingly strange (6)
21 To fill beyond capacity, especially with food; satiate (4)
22 Inflexible (5)
25 Prone (3)
27 Pull using a rope or chain (3)
28 Wrath (3)
29 Historical period (3)

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Idiom Focus: Common English Idioms 21

Every Saturday I’ll give you a couple of idioms to learn.  An idiom is a saying or phrase whose meaning cannot be taken from the literal meanings of the words.  Currently, we’re looking at some common English idioms.

sleep on it:  think about something overnight, not rush to make a decision

Example:

Father wanted to get a new car right away, but Mother wanted to sleep on it.

take it easy:  relax, not pursue an activity so vigorously

Example:

After the surgery, the doctor said I should take it easy for several days.

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Writing Assignment: At a Funeral (Solution)

John F. Kennedy.  Funeral and temporary grave, November 25, 1963

John F. Kennedy. Funeral and temporary grave.
November 25, 1963

1.    What event do we see in this picture?
In this picture we see a burial.

2.    What kind of attire are the people wearing?
The people are dressed in black (dark) clothes.

3.    Why are they dressed this way?
They are dressed this way, because they are in mourning.

4.    What is the woman carrying?
The woman is carrying an American flag.

5.    Do you recognize who the woman is?  Can you guess which famous event this is?
The woman is Jackie Kennedy.  This is the burial of President Kennedy, November 25, 1963.

6.    What is a polite way of referring to a dead body?
A polite way of referring to a dead body is to say “the deceased.”

7.    Who prepares the body for burial?
A mortician (also called an undertaker) prepares the body for burial.

8.    What is the name of the process of preserving a body for burial?
Embalming is the process of preserving a body for burial.

9.    What do you call the container the body is placed in?
The container that the body is placed in is called a casket, or a coffin.

10.    What do you call the sadness that you feel when someone dies?
The sadness that you feel when someone dies is called grief.

11.    What is the name of the memorial service for the person who died?
The memorial service for a person who has died is called a funeral.

12.    What is another name for “burial”?
Another name for burial is interment.

13.    What is the name of the little building that a body is interred in if it does not go into the ground?
If a body is not buried in the ground, it may be placed in a crypt or mausoleum.

14.    What is an alternative to burial?
Cremation is an alternative to burial.

15.    What is the name of the container the ashes are placed in?
The ashes from cremation are placed in an urn.

16.    What is used to mark the grave?
A headstone, gravestone, or tombstone is used to mark the grave.

17.    How is the casket transported to the cemetery?
The casket is transported to the cemetery by a hearse.

18.     Who carries the casket to and from the hearse?
Pallbearers carry the casket to and from the hearse.

19.    When a member of the military dies, how may he be honored?
When a member of the military dies, he may be buried with full military honors.

20.    What is a wake for a public figure called?
A wake for a public figure is called “lying in state.”

Paragraph:  At a Funeral

What sort of mourning or funeral customs does your culture observe?  How are people buried?  What does a typical grave look like?  Write a brief paragraph about your culture’s funeral or mourning customs.

Kennedy funeral procession leaves White House, November 25, 1963

Kennedy funeral procession leaves White House.
November 25, 1963

It is customary to wear black to a funeral.  Black is the color of mourning, and in the old days, a widow would dress in black for a period of time following her husband’s death.  It was also part of tradition for her to wear a veil over her face.  If black clothes are not worn to the funeral, then the clothes should at least be dark colored, conveying somberness.  A military man may wear his dress uniform for the funeral, especially if the deceased was also a member of the armed forces.  If it is a funeral for a policeman or fireman who died in the line of duty, then his fellow policemen/firemen would also wear their dress uniforms to the funeral.

In the picture of Kennedy’s burial, you can see that Jackie Kennedy is dressed in black, and a veil is covering her face.  You can also see several members of the military – Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, Coast Guard, and Special Forces – attending to the graveside service as a military honor guard.  In addition to being Commander-in-Chief (as all Presidents are), President Kennedy had served in the Navy in World War II, so the American flag draped his coffin, and he was buried with military honors at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia.  If you go there today, you will see that his grave is marked with an always-burning fire, called an “eternal flame.”

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Writing Assignment: At a Funeral

JFK_Funeral_and_temporary_grave_November_25_1963-scaled

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Vocabulary

Funeral Funeral home / funeral parlor Funeral home director / undertaker / mortician Coffin / casket Headstone / gravestone / tombstone
Vault Tomb Grave Mausoleum / crypt Plot
Embalm Cremate Cremation Cremains Crematory
Memorial In memoriam Guestbook Wake / viewing / visitation Military funeral honors
Eulogy Grief Mourning Mourner Obituary / obit
Hearse Interment Cortege Urn Spray
Sympathy Deceased Repose Lie in state Service
Pallbearer Cemetery

 

1.    What event do we see in this picture?
2.    What kind of attire are the people wearing?
3.    Why are they dressed this way?
4.    What is the woman carrying?
5.    Do you recognize who the woman is?  Can you guess which famous event this is?
6.    What is a polite way of referring to a dead body?
7.    Who prepares the body for burial?
8.    What is the name of the process of preserving a body for burial?
9.    What do you call the container the body is placed in?
10.    What do you call the sadness that you feel when someone dies?
11.    What is the name of the memorial service for the person who died?
12.    What is another name for “burial”?
13.    What is the name of the little building that a body is interred in if it does not go into the ground?
14.    What is an alternative to burial?
15.    What is the name of the container the ashes are placed in?
16.    What is used to mark the grave?
17.    How is the casket transported to the cemetery?
18.     Who carries the casket to and from the hearse?
19.    When a member of the military dies, how may he be honored?
20.    What is a wake for a public figure called?

Paragraph:  At a Funeral

What sort of mourning or funeral customs does your culture observe?  How are people buried?  What does a typical grave look like?  Write a brief paragraph about your culture’s funeral or mourning customs.

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